Clean and White: A History of Environmental Racism in the United States

In this ambitious and occasionally dense volume, Zimring (Cash for Your Trash), associate professor of sustainability studies at the Pratt Institute, tackles environmental racism—his term for “racial discrimination in environmental policy making”—as it relates to waste and waste management. He focuses on historical factors and examines “the social and cultural constructions of race and hygiene in American life from the age of Thomas Jefferson to the Memphis Public Works Strike of 1968.” Sections titled “Dirty Work, Dirty Workers” and “We Are Tired of Being at the Bottom” respectively address sanitation-related businesses begun by immigrants and labor conflicts in the South. Zimring explains that during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish and Italian immigrants worked in the scrap metal and rag trades, which did not require large capital investments. With equal awareness, he contextualizes the 1968 strike in Memphis, when African-Americans demanding better conditions walked off the job—noting that this strike was what had brought Martin Luther King Jr. to Memphis, where he was assassinated. Zimring’s work can get bogged down by numbers, particularly census data, but readers who can get past the crush of statistics will find his examination enlightening. (Jan.)