Feeling & Knowing: Making Minds Conscious

Neuroscientist Damasio (Descartes’ Error) sets out to demystify the nature of consciousness in this erudite yet accessible study. He proposes that human consciousness is built upon a series of developments that evolved to ensure homeostasis, the conditions necessary to continue an organism’s life. Homeostasis applies to even the simplest life forms, and Damasio argues accordingly that consciousness is not an exclusively human trait; he grants a type of consciousness to ants and bees, and debunks the exceptionalist view of humankind that “diminishes nonhumans,” which he characterizes as “deeply flawed.” Damasio also explores what consciousness does: in his view, it is the mechanism that allows humans to adapt to threats to their homeostasis, and therefore ensures a greater chance of overcoming those threats. Among the many asides are references to myth and literature (a close reading of Emily Dickinson’s “Poem XLIII” reveals it as “making penetrating observations on the human mind,” for example), an investigation of artificial intelligence and its limitations, and a mention of the Jerome Kern song “I Won’t Dance” (to prove that feelings are “hybrids of mind and body”). Damasio’s investigation of the “hard problem” of consciousness successfully produces a credible theory—one that’s worth checking out. (Mar.)