Inventing the Axis of Evil: The Truth about North Korea, Iran, and Syria

""Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."" Though this rhetorical workhorse is first misquoted, then dismissed by Cumings in the early pages of this essay collection, Santayana's maxim nonetheless best describes the importance of this volume to the national debate over current U.S. foreign policy. Cumings (Korea's Place in the Sun), Abrahamian (Iran Between Two Revolutions) and Ma'oz (Syria and Israel) offer up detailed, swift accounts of the willfully forgotten history of America's involvement in the politics and governance of North Korea, Iran and Syria-three countries that George W. Bush labeled the ""axis of evil."" There is probably little in these essays to startle or convert readers who are already well-informed about these countries' histories, but general readers are likely to find this survey illuminating and thought-provoking. Cumings's chapter on the etiology of the Korean conflict suffers from hyperbolic prose and excessive sarcastic reference (e.g. he refers to George Bush, Sr. as ""Daddy""). In contrast, the measured tone of Abrahamian's chapter on Iran and Ma'oz's chapter on Syria offer a welcome rhetorical balance. The authors' distinct voices and regional concerns find common ground when they proposal a radical shift in U.S. foreign policy-one towards rapprochement as a ""constructive brand of Pax Americana"" and away from the ""containment"" of ideological enemies. The national debate over ""anticipatory self-defense"" has been altered by political events since the authors completed these essays in the fall of 2003, but the provocative comparisons drawn between the current occupation of Iraq and previous misadventures in nation building remain cogent and timely. This collection adds to the necessary complexity of the discussion of Iraq and makes its best case against the doctrine of preemptive war.